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The Ohm’s law states the relationship between electric current and potential difference. The current that flows through most conductors is directly proportional to the voltage applied to it. Georg Simon Ohm, a German physicist was the first to verify Ohm’s law experimentally. Ohm’s Law Explanation One of the most basic and important laws of electric circuits is Ohm’s law. Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperature remain constant. Mathematically, this current-voltage relationship can be written as, In the equation, the constant of proportionality, R is Resistance and has units of ohms, with symbol Ω. The same formula can be rewritten in order to calculate the current and resistance respectively as follows: Ohm’s law only holds true if the provided temperature and the other physical factors remain constant. In certain components, increasing the current raises the temperature. An example of this is the filament of a light bulb, in which the temperature rises as the current is increased. In this case, Ohm’s law cannot be applied. The lightbulb filament violates Ohm’s Law. Ohm’s Law Statement: Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperature, remain constant. Ohm’s Law Equation: V IR, where V is the voltage across the conductor, I is the current flowing through the conductor and R is the resistance provided by the conductor to the flow of current. Relationship Between Voltage, Current and Resistance Analyzing row 1,2 and 3, we come to understand that doubling and tripling the voltage leads to doubling and a tripling of the current in the circuit. Likewise, when we compare rows 1 and 4 and rows 2 and 5, we come to understand that doubling the total resistance serves to halve the current in the circuit. Water Pipe Analogy for Ohm’s Law Ohm’s Law describes the current flow through a resistance when different electric potentials (voltage) are applied at each end of the resistance. Since we can’t see electrons, the water-pipe analogy helps us understand the electric circuits better. Water flowing through pipes is a good mechanical system that is analogous to an electrical circuit. Here, the voltage is analogous to water pressure, the current is the amount of water flowing through the pipe, and the resistance is the size of the pipe. More water will flow through the pipe (current) when more pressure is applied (voltage) and the bigger the pipe, (lower the resistance). Experimental Verification of Ohm’s Law Ohm’s Law can be easily verified by the following experiment: Appartus Required: Resistor Ammeter Voltmeter Battery Plug Key Rheostat Circuit Diagram: Procedure: Initially, the key K is closed and the rheostat is adjusted to get the minimum reading in Ammeter A and voltmeter. The current in the circuit is increased gradually by moving the sliding terminal of the rheostat. During the process, the current flowing in the circuit and the corresponding value of potential difference across the resistance wire R are recorded. This way different sets of values of voltage and current are obtained. For each set of values of V and I, the ratio of V/I is calculated. When you calculate the ratio V/I for each case, you will come to notice that it is almost the same. So V/I R, which is a constant. Plot a graph of the current against the potential difference, it will be a straight line. This shows that the current is proportional to the potential difference. Ohm’s Law Magic Triangle You can make use of the Ohm’s law magic triangle to remember the different equations for Ohm’s law used to solve for different variables(V, I, R). If the value of voltage is asked and the values of the current and resistance are given, then to calculate voltage simply cover V at the top. So, we are left with the I and R or I X R. So, the equation for Voltage is Current multiplied by Resistance. Examples of how the magic triangle is employed to determine the voltage using Ohm’s law is given below. Ohm’s Law Solved Problems Example 1: If the resistance of an electric iron is 50 Ω and a current of 3.2 A flows through the resistance. Find the voltage between two points. Solution: If we are asked to calculate the value of voltage with the value of current and resistance given to us, then cover V in the triangle. Now, we are left with I and R or more precisely I × R. Therefore, we use the following formula to calculate the value of V: V I × R Substituting the values in the equation, we get V 3.2 A × 50 ÷ 160 V V 160V Example 2: An EMF source of 8.0 V is connected to a purely resistive electrical appliance (a light bulb). An electric current of 2.0 A flows through it. Consider the conducting wires to be resistance-free. Calculate the resistance offered by the electrical appliance. Solution: When we are asked to find out the value of resistance when the values of voltage and current are given, then we cover R in the triangle. This leaves us with only V and I, more precisely V ÷ I. Substituting the values in the equation, we get R V ÷ I R 8 V ÷ 2 A 4 Ω R 4 Ω What is a Power Triangle? The power triangle can be employed to determine the value of electric power, voltage and current when the values of the other two parameters are given to us. In the power triangle, the power (P) is on the top and current(I) and voltage (V) are at the bottom. Ohm’s Law Pie Chart To better understand the relationship between various parameters, we can take all the equations used to find the voltage, current, resistance and power, and condense them into a simple Ohm’s Law pie chart as shown below. Ohm’s Law Matrix Table Like Ohm’s Law Pie Chart shown above, we can condense the individual Ohm’s Law equations into a simple matrix table as shown below for easy reference when calculating an unknown value. Limitations of Ohm’s Law Following are the limitations of Ohm’s law: Ohm’s law is not applicable for unilateral electrical elements like diodes and transistors as they allow the current to flow through in one direction only. For non-linear electrical elements with parameters like capacitance, resistance etc the voltage and current won’t be constant with respect to time making it difficult to use Ohm’s law. Ohm’s Law Applications The main applications of Ohm’s law are: To determine the voltage, resistance or current of an electric circuit. Ohm’s law is used to maintain the desired voltage drop across the electronic components. Ohm’s law is also used in dc ammeter and other dc shunts to divert the current. FAQs: Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Ohm's law is used to validate the static values of circuit components such as current levels, voltage supplies, and voltage drops. Ohm’s law doesn’t apply to semiconducting devices because they are nonlinear devices. This means that the ratio of voltage to current doesn’t remain constant for variations in voltage.

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